International Outer Space Law

OPS-Alaska has undertaken to create the most complete online Library of International Outer Space Law. Our research team tackles a variety of problems in outer space law. In particular, it proposes the following new treaties:

• A proposed protocol to seven aviation and space treaties defining where airspace ends and outer space begins.

  Draft Protocol Regarding the Delimitation of Outer Space and Territorial Airspace

  Proyecto de Protocol relativo al delimitación del espacio ultraterrestre y espacio aéreo territorial

  Projet de Protocole concernant le delimitation de l'espace extra-atmosphérique et l'espace arién territoriale

  Проект Протокол относительно разграничении космического пространства и территориального воздушного пространства

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• A treaty to replace the 1979 Moon Agreement, to include private property rights, dispute settlement mechanisms, and a distinction between large celestial bodies treated as territory and small celestial bodies treated as movable goods.

  Draft Treaty Governing the Activities of States on the Celestial Bodies of the Solar System

  Proyecto de Tratado que Debe Regir las Actividades de los Estados en los Cuepros Celestes en el Sistema Solar

  Projet de Traité Régissant les Activités des États sur les Corps Célestes en le Système Solaire

  Проект Договор о деятельности государств на небесных телах Солнечной Системы

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  Draft Protocol to the Treaty Governing the Activities of States on the Celestial Bodies of the Solar System on Dispute Settlement

  Proyecto de Protocolo sobre Solución de Controversias al Tratado que Debe Regir las Actividades de los Estados en los Cuepros Celestes en el Sistema Solar

  Projet de Protocole au Traité Régissant les Activités des États sur les Corps Célestes en le de Règlement des Différends

  Проект Протокол о урегулирования споров договору о деятельности государств на небесные тела Солнечной Системы

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  Draft Protocol to the Treaty Governing the Activities of States on the Celestial Bodies of the Solar System on Jurisdiction and Property Rights

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• A proposed treaty to protect the cultural heritage of the Solar System.

  Draft Convention on the Protection of Solar System Cultural Heritage

  Proyecto de Convención sobre la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural del Sistema Solar

  Projet de Convention sur la Protection du Patrimoine Culturel du Sistème Solaire

  Проект Конвенциа об охране культурного наследия Солнечная Система

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• A proposal to reactivate the United Nations trusteeship system and establish a cultural heritage trust territory on the Moon comprising two districts: Gagarinsk, administered by the Russian Federation and containing the Luna sites; and Armstrong, administered by the United States and containing the Surveyor and Apollo sites. Also included in the proposal is a protocol to establish a Chinese-administered district at the Yutu site.

  Draft Declaration Establishing the 20th Century Lunar Landing Sites as a World Heritage Territory

  Proyecto de Declaración establecer los sitios de los atterrizajes lunares del siglo veintésimo en un territorio del patrimonio mundial

  Projet de Déclaration établir les sites des atterrissages lunaires du siécle vingtième en un territoire du patrimoine mondial

  Проект Декларациа устанавлибать места лунных посадк двадцатого века территорией миробого наследия

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  Draft Trusteeship Agreement for the Lunar Heritage Territory

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  Draft Protocol to the Trusteeship Agreement for the Lunar Heritage Territory Establishing the Chinese Lunar Heritage District

Previous publications on this topic:

• Gangale, Thomas. 2009. The Development of Outer Space: Sovereignty and Property Rights in International Space Law, Santa Barbara, California, USA: Praeger.

• Gangale, Thomas. 2008. Castles in the Air: Debunking the Space Settlement Prize. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA 2008-1466. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada.

• Gangale, Thomas. 2008. Common Heritage in Magnificent Desolation. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA 2008-1467. 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada.

• Gangale, Thomas. 2008. Myths of the Moon Agreement. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA 2008-7715. Space 2008. San Diego, California.

• Gangale, Thomas. 2007. A Limited International Agreement on Property Rights. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA 2007-6072. Space 2007. Long Beach, California.

• Gangale, Thomas. 2006. Who Owns the Geostationary Orbit? Institute of Air and Space Law. Annals of Air and Space Law. Vol. XXXI. Montreal, Quebec.

• Gangale, Thomas, and Marilyn Dudley-Rowley. 2005. To Build Bifrost: Developing Space Property Rights and Infrastructure. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA 2005-6762. Space 2005. Long Beach, California.